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Circles for Union Tradeswomen
Research Sources

Meeting 3 | Navigating bias: When your qualifications or abilities are questioned

Learning Handout

  1. Madeline E. Heilman and Michelle C. Hayes, “No Credit Where Credit Is Due: Attributional Rationalization of Women's Success in Male-Female Teams,” Journal of Applied Psychology 90 no. 5 (2005): 905-16, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.905.
  2. LeanIn.org and McKinsey & Company, Women in the Workplace 2018 (October 2018), https://womenintheworkplace.com.
  3. Ibid.
  4. Hannah M. Curtis, Hendrika Meischke, Bert Stover, et al., “Gendered Safety and Health Risks in the Construction Trades,” Annals of Work Exposures and Health 62 no. 4 (2018): 404–15.

Situations

  1. LeanIn.Org and McKinsey & Company, Women in the Workplace 2018 (October 2018), https://womenintheworkplace.com.
  2. Women in majority-male workplaces report higher rates of gender discrimination,” Pew Research Center (March 2018), https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/03/07/women-in-majority-male-workplaces-report-higher-rates-of-gender-discrimination.
  3. Joan C. Williams and Rachel Dempsey, What Works for Women at Work (New York: NYU Press, 2014).
  4. Miriam G. Resendez, “The Stigmatizing Effects of Affirmative Action: An Examination of Moderating Variables,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32, no. 1 (2002): 185–206.
  5. LeanIn.Org and McKinsey & Company, Women in the Workplace 2018.
  6. Williams and Dempsey, What Works for Women at Work; Shelley Correll et al., “Getting a Job: Is There a Motherhood Penalty?” American Journal of Sociology 112, no. 5 (March 2007) 1297-1339; Katherine Weisshaar, “From Opt Out to Blocked Out: The Challenges for Labor Market Re-entry After Family-Related Employment Lapses,” American Sociological Review 83, no. 1 (2018): 34–60.
  7. LeanIn.Org and McKinsey & Company, Women in the Workplace 2018.
  8. Anne M. Koenig, Alice H. Eagly, Abigail A. Mitchell, and Tiina Ristikari, “Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms,” Psychological Bulletin 137, no. 4 (2011): 616–42, http://www.academia.edu/14081116/Are_Leader_Stereotypes_Masculine_A_Meta-Analysis_of_Three_Research_Paradigms.
  9. LeanIn.Org and McKinsey & Company, Women in the Workplace 2018.
  10. Joann S. Lublin, “Women Managers Have Little Margin for Error,” Wall Street Journal, October 23, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/women-managers-have-little-margin-for-error-1539966227.
  11. Madeline E. Heilman and Tyler G. Okimoto, “Why Are Women Penalized for Success at Male Tasks?” The Journal of Applied Psychology 92(1) (2007): 81–92.
  12. Laurie A. Rudman, Corinne A. Moss-Racusin, Peter Glick, and Julie E. Phelan, “Reactions to Vanguards,” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 45 (2012): 167–227.
  13. Heilman and Okimoto, “Why Are Women Penalized for Success at Male Tasks?”
  14. Madeline E. Heilman, “Gender stereotypes and workplace bias,” Research in Organizational Behavior 32 (2012): 113–35; Naomi Ellemers, “Gender Stereotypes,” Annual Review of Psychology 69 (January 2018): 275–98; Rudman, Moss-Racusin, Glick, and Phelan, “Reactions to Vanguards”; Ashleigh Shelby Rosette, “It Pays to Negotiate,” Lean In (website) https://leanin.org/education/negotiation-pays-negotiate/.
  15. Williams and Dempsey, What Works for Women at Work; Joan Williams, “Sticking women with the office housework,” Washington Post, April 16, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/on-leadership/wp/2014/04/16/sticking-women-with-the-office-housework/?utm_term=.10d838a5021b.
  16. Williams and Dempsey, What Works for Women at Work.
  17. Ibid.; Rudman, Moss-Racusin, Glick, and Phelan, “Reactions to Vanguards.”
  18. Amy J. C. Cuddy, Peter Glick, and Anna Beninger, “The Dynamics of Warmth and Competence Judgments, and Their Outcomes in Organizations,” Research in Organizational Behavior 31 (2011): 73–98; Rudman, Moss-Racusin, Glick, and Phelan, “Reactions to Vanguards.”
  19. Williams and Dempsey, What Works for Women at Work; Rudman, Moss-Racusin, Glick, and Phelan, “Reactions to Vanguards.”
  20. Ashleigh Shelby Rosette, “Negotiation Advice for Women: Win by Working Together,” Lean In (website) https://leanin.org/education/negotiation-thinking-communally.

Meeting 4 | Navigating bias: The “Only” experience

Learning Handout

  1. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Women in the labor force: a databook,” December 2018, https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/womens-databook/2018/home.htm.
  2. LeanIn.Org and McKinsey & Company, Women in the Workplace 2018 (October 2018), https://womenintheworkplace.com.
  3. Ibid.
  4. Ibid.

Situations

  1. LeanIn.Org and McKinsey & Company, Women in the Workplace 2018 (October 2018), https://womenintheworkplace.com.
  2. Ibid.
  3. Madeline E. Heilman, “Gender stereotypes and workplace bias,” Research in Organizational Behavior 32 (2012) 113–135.; Naomi Ellemers, “Gender Stereotypes,” Annual Review of Psychology 69 (2018): 275–98; Laurie A. Rudman, Corinne A. Moss-Racusin, Peter Glick, and Julie E. Phelan, “Reactions to Vanguards,” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 45 (2012): 167–227.
  4. Joan C. Williams and Rachel Dempsey, What Works for Women at Work (New York: NYU Press, 2014); Madeline E. Heilman and Julie J. Chen, “Same Behavior, Different Consequences: Reactions to Men’s and Women’s Altruistic Citizenship Behaviors,” Journal of Applied Psychology 90, no. 3 (2005): 431–41.
  5. LeanIn.Org and McKinsey & Company, Women in the Workplace 2018.
  6. Christopher Karpowitz, Tali Mendelberg, and Lee Shaker, “Gender Inequality in Deliberative Participation,” American Political Science Review 106, no. 3 (2012): 533–47.
  7. Adrienne B. Hancock and Benjamin A. Rubin, “Influence of Communication Partner’s Gender on Language,” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 34, no. 1 (2015): 46–64.
  8. Amy M. Denissen, “Crossing the Line: How Women in the Building Trades Interpret and Respond to Sexual Conduct at Work,” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 39, no. 3 (2010): 297–327.
  9. Mary Stergiou-Kita, Elizabeth Mansfield, Angela Colantonio, et al., “What’s gender got to do with it? Examining masculinities, health and safety and return to work in male dominated skilled trades,” Work 54, no. 3 (2016): 721–33.

Meeting 5 | Building skills: How to be taken seriously at work

Learning Handout

  1. Hannah M. Curtis, Hendrika Meischke, Bert Stover, et al., “Gendered Safety and Health Risks in the Construction Trades,” Annals of Work Exposures and Health 62, no. 4 (2018): 404–15.

Situations

  1. Adrienne B. Hancock and Benjamin J. Rubin, “Influence of Communication Partner’s Gender on Language,” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 34, no. 1 (2015): 46–64.
  2. Joan C. Williams, “Hitting the Maternal Wall,” Academe 90, no. 6 (2004): 16–20.
  3. Jeanie Ahearn Greene, Blue-Collar Women at Work with Men (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006).
  4. Dana Kabat-Farr and Lilia M. Cortina, “Selective Incivility: Gender, Race, and the Discriminatory Workplace,” in Gender and the Dysfunctional Workplace (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012), https://www.elgaronline.com/view/9780857932594.00014.xml.
  5. Jeanette Walley-Jean, “Debunking the Myth of the ‘Angry Black Woman’: An Exploration of Anger in Young African American Women,” Black Women, Gender & Families 3, no. 2 (Fall 2009): 68–86.
  6. Jacqueline H. Watts, “Impression management: A form of emotion work for women in a male-dominated profession,” International Journal of Work Organisation and Emotion 2, no. 3 (2008): 221–35.
  7. Anahvia Taiyib Moody and Jioni A. Lewis, “Gendered Racial Microaggressions and Traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Black Women,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 43, no. 2 (2019): 201–14.
  8. Hannah M. Curtis, Hendrika Meischke, Bert Stover, et al., “Gendered Safety and Health Risks in the Construction Trades,” Annals of Work Exposures and Health 62, no. 4 (2018): 404–15.
  9. “Why the Construction Industry Needs More Women in Leadership,” Undercover Recruiter (website), https://theundercoverrecruiter.com/construction-needs-more-women/.
  10. Amy M. Denissen, “Crossing the Line: How Women in the Building Trades Interpret and Respond to Sexual Conduct at Work,” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 39, no. 3 (2010): 297–327.

Meeting 6 | Building skills: How to ask for what you need (and have earned)

Learning Handout

  1. Ariane Hegewisch and Brigid O’Farrell, “Women in Construction Trades,” Institute for Women’s Policy Research (April 2015), https://iwpr.org/wp-content/uploads/wpallimport/files/iwpr-export/publications/C428-Women%20in%20Construction%20Trades.pdf.
  2. Ibid.
  3. “Why the Construction Industry Needs More Women in Leadership,” Undercover Recruiter (website), https://theundercoverrecruiter.com/construction-needs-more-women/; “ENR 2018 Top 400 Contractors,” Engineering News-Record, May 2018, https://www.enr.com/toplists/2018-Top-400-Contractors1.
  4. Amy Caiazza, “I Knew I Could Do This Work,” Institute for Women’s Policy Research (2007).

Situations

  1. Jenny Rodriguez, Evangelina Holvino, Joyce K. Fletcher, and Stella M. Nkomo, “Women's Experience of Workplace Interactions in Male-Dominated Work: The Intersections of Gender, Sexuality and Occupational Group,” Gender, Work & Organisation 23, no. 3 (2016): 348–62.
  2. Alexia Elejalde-Ruiz, “Women in trades make good money, but getting in can be tough,” Chicago Tribune, May 4, 2015.
  3. Hannah M. Curtis, Hendrika Meischke, Bert Stover, et al., “Gendered Safety and Health Risks in the Construction Trades,” Annals of Work Exposures and Health 62, no. 4 (2018): 404–15.
  4. Natalie Kitroeff and Jessica Silver-Greenberg, “Pregnancy Discrimination Is Rampant Inside America’s Biggest Companies,” New York Times, February 8, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/06/15/business/pregnancy-discrimination.html; M. Juhl, K. Strandberg-Larsen, P. S. Larsen, et al., “Occupational lifting during pregnancy and risk of fetal death in a large national cohort study,” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 39, no. 4 (2013): 335–42, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23207454.
  5. Curtis, Meischke, Stover, et al., “Gendered Safety and Health Risks in the Construction Trades.”
  6. Ariane Hegewisch and Brigid O’Farrell, “Women in Construction and the Economic Recovery: Results from 2013 IWPR Tradeswomen Survey,” Institute for Women’s Policy Research (August 2014).
  7. Rodriguez, Holvino, Fletcher, and Nkomo, “Women's Experience of Workplace Interactions in Male-Dominated Work.”
  8. Helen Lingard and Valerie Francis, “An exploration of the adaptive strategies of working families in the Australian construction industry,” Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 15, no. 6 (2008): 562–79.
  9. Eileen Appelbaum and Ruth Milkman, “Leaves That Pay: Employer and Worker Experiences with Paid Family Leave in California,” Center for Economic and Policy Research (2011).
  10. Kathi Miner-Rubino and Lilia M. Cortina, “Working in a Context of Hostility Toward Women: Implications for Employees' Well-Being,” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 9, no. 2 (2004): 107–22.
  11. Ibid.
  12. Ariane Hegewisch and Brigid O'Farrell, “Women in the Construction Trades: Earnings, Workplace Discrimination, and the Promise of Green Jobs,” Institute for Women’s Policy Research (April 13, 2015).

Strategies

  1. Diane Musho Hamilton, “Calming your brain during conflict,” Harvard Business Review, December 22, 2015, https://hbr.org/2015/12/calming-your-brain-during-conflict.
  2. Amy Gallo, HBR Guide to Dealing with Conflict (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2017).
  3. Heidi Grant, “Getting People to Help You,” interview by Sarah Green Carmichael, HBR Ideacast, June 19, 2018, https://hbr.org/ideacast/2018/06/getting-people-to-help-you.html.
  4. Anita L. Blanchard, Oscar J. Stewart, Arnie Cann, and Leslie Follman, “Making Sense of Humor at Work,” The Psychologist-Manager Journal 17, no. 1 (2014): 49–70.
  5. Eric J. Romero and Kevin W. Cruthirds, “The use of humor in the workplace,” Academy of Management Perspectives 2 (2006): 58–69. https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amp.2006.20591005.
  6. Gallo, HBR Guide to Dealing with Conflict.
  7. Amy Gallo, “How to ask your boss for an unpaid leave to travel, study, or spend time with family.” Harvard Business Review, February 5, 2019, https://hbr.org/2019/02/how-to-ask-your-boss-for-an-unpaid-leave-to-travel-study-or-spend-time-with-family.
  8. Marie Wieck, “10 Ways to Help Women Succeed in Technology,” THINK Blog, IBM, https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2016/10/women-in-tech.
  9. Tammy D. Allen, Lillian T. Eby, Mark L. Poteet, et al., “Career Benefits Associated with Mentoring for Protégés: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Applied Psychology 89, no. 1 (February 2004): 127–36; George F. Dreher and Taylor H. Cox Jr., “Race, gender, and opportunity: A study of compensation attainment and the establishment of mentoring relationships,” Journal of Applied Psychology 81, no. 3 (1996): 297–308.
  10. Francis J. Flynn, Vanessa Lake, “If you need help, just ask,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95, no. 1 (2008): 128-143. https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/publications/if-you-need-help-just-ask-underestimating-compliance-direct-requests.
  11. Lorie Corcuera, “5 reasons why you should ask for help at work.” August 20, 2014. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2014/08/asking-help-makes-stronger-leader/.
  12. Anne Fisher, “Being a Mentor Could Boost Your Own Career, CNN Money, March 13, 2007 https://money.cnn.com/2007/03/12/news/economy/mentoring.fortune/index.htm.
  13. Gallo, HBR Guide to Dealing with Conflict.
  14. “Direct Communication,” Good Therapy, January 22, 2018, last updated January 22, 2018. https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/direct-communication.
  15. “Indirect Communication,” Good Therapy, August 10, 2015, https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/indirect-communication.
  16. Cynthia Joyce, “The Impact of Direct and Indirect Communication,” Independent Voice, November 2012, https://uiowa.edu/conflictmanagement/sites/uiowa.edu.conflictmanagement/files/Direct%20and%20Indirect%20Communication.pdf.
  17. Ibid.
  18. Amy Gallo, “How to respond to an offensive comment at work,” Harvard Business Review, February 8, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/02/how-to-respond-to-an-offensive-comment-at-work.
  19. Cameron Anderson, Sebastien Brion, Don A. Moore, and Jessica A Kennedy, “A status-enhancement account of overconfidence,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103, no. 4 (2012): 718–735. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6s5812wf.
  20. Deborah H. Gruenfeld, “How to Use Body Language for Power and Influence,” Lean In (website), https://leanin.org/education/power-influence.
  21. Jennifer Allyn, “Fake It ’Til You Make It: How to Communicate with Confidence,” Lean In (website), https://leanin.org/education/communicating-with-confidence.
  22. Amy Morin, “7 Ways to Talk About Your Accomplishments Without Sounding Like a Braggart,” Forbes, January 29, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/amymorin/2017/01/29/7-ways-to-talk-about-your-accomplishments-without-sounding-like-a-braggart/#4767bf5d6fcc.
  23. Jeanie Ahearn Greene, Blue-Collar Women at Work with Men: Negotiating the Hostile Environment (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006), 75.
  24. Deborah Tannen, You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation (New York: HarperCollins, 2013).
  25. Greene, Blue-Collar Women at Work with Men.
  26. Shelley J. Correll, “SWS 2016 Feminist Lecture: Reducing Gender Biases in Modern Workplaces: A Small Wins Approach to Organizational Change,” Gender & Society 31, no. 6 (November 9, 2017): 725–50.
  27. Anthony K. Tjan, “Four Rules for Effective Negotiation,” Harvard Business Review, July 28, 2009, https://hbr.org/2009/07/four-rules-for-effective-negot.
  28. Susan Eisenberg, We’ll Call You If We Need You (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1998).
  29. Laura Smart Richman, Michelle vanDellen, and Wendy Wood, “How Women Cope: Being a Numerical Minority in a Male Dominated Profession,” Journal of Social Issues 67, no. 3 (2011): 492–509.
  30. Corinne A. Moss-Racusin and Laurie A. Rudman, “Disruptions in Women's Self-Promotion: The Backlash Avoidance Model,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 34, no. 2 (2010): 186–202.